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In the 1990s researchers announced a series of discoveries that would upend a bedrock tenet of neuroscience.

In the 1990s researchers announced a series

of discoveries that would upend a bedrock tenet

of neuroscience. For decades the mature brain

was understood to be incapable of growing

new neurons. Once an individual reached

adulthood, the thinking went, and the brain

began losing neurons rather than gaining them.

But evidence was building that the adult brain

could generate new neurons. In one particularly

striking experiment with mice, scientists found

that simply running on a wheel led to the birth

of new neurons in the hippocampus, a brain

structure that is associated with memory.

Since then, other studies have established that

exercise also has positive effects on the brains

of humans, especially as we age, and that it may

even help reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease

and other neurodegenerative conditions. But

the research raised a key question: Why does

exercise affect the brain at all?

Physical activity improves the function of

many organ systems in the body, but the effects

are usually linked to better athletic performance.

For example, when you walk or run, your

muscles demand more oxygen, and over

time your cardiovascular system responds by

increasing the size of the heart and building new

blood vessels. The cardiovascular changes are

primarily a response to the physical challenges

of exercise, which can enhance endurance. But

what challenge elicits a response from the brain?

Answering this question requires that

we rethink our views of exercise. People often

consider walking and running to be activities

that the body can perform on autopilot. But

research carried out over the past decade by us

and others would indicate that this folk wisdom

is wrong. Instead, exercise seems to be as much

a cognitive activity as a physical one. This link

between physical activity and brain health may

trace back millions of years to the origin of the

hallmark traits of humankind. If we can better

understand why and how exercise engages the

brain, perhaps we can leverage the relevant

physiological pathways to design novel exercise

routines that will boost people’s cognition as

they age-work that we have begun to

undertake.

Researchers have also documented clear

links between aerobic exercise and benefits to

other parts of the brain, including the expansion

of the prefrontal cortex, which sits just behind

the forehead. Such augmentation of this region

has been tled to sharper executive cognitive

functions, which involve aspects of planning,

decision-making, and multitasking-abilities

that, like memory, tend to decline with healthy

aging and are further degraded in the presence

of Alzheimer’s. Scientists suspect that increased

connections between existing neurons, rather

than the birth of new neurons, are responsible

for the beneficial effects of exercise on the

prefrontal cortex and other brain regions outside

the hippocampus.

Much remains to be discovered. Although

it is still too early to make specific prescriptions

for combining exercise and cognitive tasks,

we can say with certainty that exercise is a key

player in preserving brain function as we age.

Clinical trials will tell us much more about the

efficacy of cognitively engaged exercise-what

kinds of mental and physical activities are most

Impactful, for example, and the optimal intensity

and duration of exercise for augmenting

cognition. But in light of the evidence we have

so far, we believe that with continued careful

research we can target physiological pathways

linking the brain and the body and exploit our

brain’s evolved adaptive capacity for exercise-

induced plasticity during aging. In the end,

working out both the body and the brain during

exercise may help keep the mind sharp for life. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-
your-brain-needs-exercis-your-brain-needs-exercise/

Another way of saying …, other studies have established that exercise also has positive effects on the brains of humans, especially as we age, and that it may even help reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions.” is that…..

A. Scientists have found that exercise affects human brains positively and may lower the risk of neurodegenerative disease

B. Many researches have proven that exercise impairs the brains of humans and accelerate Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions

C. The risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. have been discovered by several studies

D. According to some studies as we age, the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions reduce

E. Researchers found that Alzheimer’s disease affects human brains and it can be cured by doing exercise

jawaban;

A. Scientists have found that exercise affects human brains positively and may lower the risk of neurodegenerative disease

penjelasan;

Pahami kalimat soal:…, penelitian lain telah menetapkan

bahwa olahraga juga memiliki efek positif pada otak manusia,

terutama seiring bertambahnya usia, dan bahkan dapat membantu

mengurangi risiko penyakit Alzheimer dan kondisi

neurodegeneratif lainnya. Cari dari opsi jawaban,

kalimat yang memuat inti informasi yang sama.

Perhatikan penggunaan sinonim/ antonim!

Opsi A: other studies scientists,

have positive effect => affect positively, help reduce the risk lower the risk

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