In the 1990s researchers announced a series of discoveries that would upend a bedrock tenet of neuroscience.
In the 1990s researchers announced a series
of discoveries that would upend a bedrock tenet
of neuroscience. For decades the mature brain
was understood to be incapable of growing
new neurons. Once an individual reached
adulthood, the thinking went, and the brain
began losing neurons rather than gaining them.
But evidence was building that the adult brain
could generate new neurons. In one particularly
striking experiment with mice, scientists found
that simply running on a wheel led to the birth
of new neurons in the hippocampus, a brain
structure that is associated with memory.
Since then, other studies have established that
exercise also has positive effects on the brains
of humans, especially as we age, and that it may
even help reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease
and other neurodegenerative conditions. But
the research raised a key question: Why does
exercise affect the brain at all?
Physical activity improves the function of
many organ systems in the body, but the effects
are usually linked to better athletic performance.
For example, when you walk or run, your
muscles demand more oxygen, and over
time your cardiovascular system responds by
increasing the size of the heart and building new
blood vessels. The cardiovascular changes are
primarily a response to the physical challenges
of exercise, which can enhance endurance. But
what challenge elicits a response from the brain?
Answering this question requires that
we rethink our views of exercise. People often
consider walking and running to be activities
that the body can perform on autopilot. But
research carried out over the past decade by us
and others would indicate that this folk wisdom
is wrong. Instead, exercise seems to be as much
a cognitive activity as a physical one. This link
between physical activity and brain health may
trace back millions of years to the origin of the
hallmark traits of humankind. If we can better
understand why and how exercise engages the
brain, perhaps we can leverage the relevant
physiological pathways to design novel exercise
routines that will boost people’s cognition as
they age-work that we have begun to
undertake.
Researchers have also documented clear
links between aerobic exercise and benefits to
other parts of the brain, including the expansion
of the prefrontal cortex, which sits just behind
the forehead. Such augmentation of this region
has been tled to sharper executive cognitive
functions, which involve aspects of planning,
decision-making, and multitasking-abilities
that, like memory, tend to decline with healthy
aging and are further degraded in the presence
of Alzheimer’s. Scientists suspect that increased
connections between existing neurons, rather
than the birth of new neurons, are responsible
for the beneficial effects of exercise on the
prefrontal cortex and other brain regions outside
the hippocampus.
Much remains to be discovered. Although
it is still too early to make specific prescriptions
for combining exercise and cognitive tasks,
we can say with certainty that exercise is a key
player in preserving brain function as we age.
Clinical trials will tell us much more about the
efficacy of cognitively engaged exercise-what
kinds of mental and physical activities are most
Impactful, for example, and the optimal intensity
and duration of exercise for augmenting
cognition. But in light of the evidence we have
so far, we believe that with continued careful
research we can target physiological pathways
linking the brain and the body and exploit our
brain’s evolved adaptive capacity for exercise-
induced plasticity during aging. In the end,
working out both the body and the brain during
exercise may help keep the mind sharp for life. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-
your-brain-needs-exercis-your-brain-needs-exercise/
Another way of saying …, other studies have established that exercise also has positive effects on the brains of humans, especially as we age, and that it may even help reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions.” is that…..
A. Scientists have found that exercise affects human brains positively and may lower the risk of neurodegenerative disease
B. Many researches have proven that exercise impairs the brains of humans and accelerate Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions
C. The risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. have been discovered by several studies
D. According to some studies as we age, the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions reduce
E. Researchers found that Alzheimer’s disease affects human brains and it can be cured by doing exercise
jawaban;
A. Scientists have found that exercise affects human brains positively and may lower the risk of neurodegenerative disease
penjelasan;
Pahami kalimat soal:…, penelitian lain telah menetapkan
bahwa olahraga juga memiliki efek positif pada otak manusia,
terutama seiring bertambahnya usia, dan bahkan dapat membantu
mengurangi risiko penyakit Alzheimer dan kondisi
neurodegeneratif lainnya. Cari dari opsi jawaban,
kalimat yang memuat inti informasi yang sama.
Perhatikan penggunaan sinonim/ antonim!
Opsi A: other studies scientists,
have positive effect => affect positively, help reduce the risk lower the risk